We propose that in order to harness our understanding of neuroscience toward machine learning, we must first have powerful tools for training brain-like models of learning. Although substantial progress has been made toward understanding the dynamics of learning in the brain, neuroscience-derived models of learning have yet to demonstrate the same performance capabilities as methods in deep learning such as gradient descent. Inspired by the successes of machine learning using gradient descent, we demonstrate that models of neuromodulated synaptic plasticity from neuroscience can be trained in Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with a framework of learning to learn through gradient descent to address challenging online learning problems. This framework opens a new path toward developing neuroscience inspired online learning algorithms.

在学习在模拟环境中执行电机任务时，必须允许神经网络探索其动作空间以发现新的潜在可行的解决方案。但是，在具有物理硬件的在线学习场景中，此探索必须受相关的安全考虑因素限制，以避免损坏代理的硬件和环境。我们的目标是通过培训一个神经网络来解决这个问题，我们将参考“安全网络”，以估算受控自主动态系统的吸引力（ROA）。因此，这种安全网络可以用于量化所提出的控制动作的相对安全性，并防止选择破坏性动作。在这里，我们通过培训人工神经网络（ANN）来表示我们的安全网络的发展，以代表几种自主动态系统基准问题的ROA。对该网络的培训是基于Lyapunov理论和神经解的局部微分方程（PDE）的神经解。通过学习近似包含感兴趣系统动态的特殊选择的PDE的粘度解决方案，安全网络学习近似特定函数，类似于Lyapunov函数，其零电平集是ROA的边界。我们培训我们的安全网络，以便在物理信息通知神经网络（PINN）方法的修改版本之后以半监督方式解决这些PDE，利用损失函数，以惩罚与PDE的初始和边界条件的分歧，以及非零残差和变分术语。在未来的工作中，我们打算在电机学习任务期间将这种技术应用于加强学习代理。

突触塑性是神经网络中自我监管无监督学习的强大方法。最近利益的复苏已经在利用人工神经网络（ANNS）以及延期学习的突触可塑性方面开发。已经证明了可塑性来提高这些网络的学习能力在概括到新的环境环境。然而，这些训练有素的网络的长期稳定性尚未被检查。这项工作表明，利用ANN的可塑性导致不稳定于训练期间使用的预先指定的寿命。这种不稳定可以导致奖励寻求行为的戏剧性下降，或者快速导致到达环境终端状态。在许多训练时间范围内的两个不同环境中，这种行为被认为是在许多不同环境中的几种可塑性规则保持一致：推车极衡问题和四足球运动问题。我们通过使用尖刺神经元来提出这种不稳定性的解决方案。

We introduce Argoverse 2 (AV2) - a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions between the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for "scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry - sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

Due to the high activation sparsity and use of accumulates (AC) instead of expensive multiply-and-accumulates (MAC), neuromorphic spiking neural networks (SNNs) have emerged as a promising low-power alternative to traditional DNNs for several computer vision (CV) applications. However, most existing SNNs require multiple time steps for acceptable inference accuracy, hindering real-time deployment and increasing spiking activity and, consequently, energy consumption. Recent works proposed direct encoding that directly feeds the analog pixel values in the first layer of the SNN in order to significantly reduce the number of time steps. Although the overhead for the first layer MACs with direct encoding is negligible for deep SNNs and the CV processing is efficient using SNNs, the data transfer between the image sensors and the downstream processing costs significant bandwidth and may dominate the total energy. To mitigate this concern, we propose an in-sensor computing hardware-software co-design framework for SNNs targeting image recognition tasks. Our approach reduces the bandwidth between sensing and processing by 12-96x and the resulting total energy by 2.32x compared to traditional CV processing, with a 3.8% reduction in accuracy on ImageNet.

We describe PromptBoosting, a query-efficient procedure for building a text classifier from a neural language model (LM) without access to the LM's parameters, gradients, or hidden representations. This form of "black-box" classifier training has become increasingly important as the cost of training and inference in large-scale LMs grows. But existing black-box LM classifier learning approaches are themselves computationally inefficient, typically specializing LMs to the target task by searching in a large space of (discrete or continuous) prompts using zeroth-order optimization methods. Instead of directly optimizing in prompt space, PromptBoosting obtains a small pool of prompts via a gradient-free approach and then constructs a large pool of weak learners by pairing these prompts with different elements of the LM's output distribution. These weak learners are then ensembled using the AdaBoost algorithm. The entire learning process requires only a small number of forward passes and no backward pass. Experiments show that PromptBoosting achieves state-of-the-art performance in multiple black-box few-shot classification tasks, and matches or outperforms full fine-tuning in both few-shot and standard learning paradigms, while training 10x faster than existing black-box methods.

Recently, there has been increasing interest in synthesizing data to improve downstream text-to-SQL tasks. In this paper, we first examined the existing synthesized datasets and discovered that state-of-the-art text-to-SQL algorithms did not further improve on popular benchmarks when trained with augmented synthetic data. We observed two shortcomings: illogical synthetic SQL queries from independent column sampling and arbitrary table joins. To address these issues, we propose a novel synthesis framework that incorporates key relationships from schema, imposes strong typing, and conducts schema-distance-weighted column sampling. We also adopt an intermediate representation (IR) for the SQL-to-text task to further improve the quality of the generated natural language questions. When existing powerful semantic parsers are pre-finetuned on our high-quality synthesized data, our experiments show that these models have significant accuracy boosts on popular benchmarks, including new state-of-the-art performance on Spider.

Since early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been interest in using artificial intelligence methods to predict COVID-19 infection status based on vocal audio signals, for example cough recordings. However, existing studies have limitations in terms of data collection and of the assessment of the performances of the proposed predictive models. This paper rigorously assesses state-of-the-art machine learning techniques used to predict COVID-19 infection status based on vocal audio signals, using a dataset collected by the UK Health Security Agency. This dataset includes acoustic recordings and extensive study participant meta-data. We provide guidelines on testing the performance of methods to classify COVID-19 infection status based on acoustic features and we discuss how these can be extended more generally to the development and assessment of predictive methods based on public health datasets.

High-definition (HD) map change detection is the task of determining when sensor data and map data are no longer in agreement with one another due to real-world changes. We collect the first dataset for the task, which we entitle the Trust, but Verify (TbV) dataset, by mining thousands of hours of data from over 9 months of autonomous vehicle fleet operations. We present learning-based formulations for solving the problem in the bird's eye view and ego-view. Because real map changes are infrequent and vector maps are easy to synthetically manipulate, we lean on simulated data to train our model. Perhaps surprisingly, we show that such models can generalize to real world distributions. The dataset, consisting of maps and logs collected in six North American cities, is one of the largest AV datasets to date with more than 7.8 million images. We make the data available to the public at https://www.argoverse.org/av2.html#mapchange-link, along with code and models at https://github.com/johnwlambert/tbv under the the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

Neuromorphic vision or event vision is an advanced vision technology, where in contrast to the visible camera that outputs pixels, the event vision generates neuromorphic events every time there is a brightness change which exceeds a specific threshold in the field of view (FOV). This study focuses on leveraging neuromorphic event data for roadside object detection. This is a proof of concept towards building artificial intelligence (AI) based pipelines which can be used for forward perception systems for advanced vehicular applications. The focus is on building efficient state-of-the-art object detection networks with better inference results for fast-moving forward perception using an event camera. In this article, the event-simulated A2D2 dataset is manually annotated and trained on two different YOLOv5 networks (small and large variants). To further assess its robustness, single model testing and ensemble model testing are carried out.